Islamic Governance and Modern Political Structures: A Comparative Study

Abstract

This paper is a critical analysis of the universal principles of Islamic governance and their interaction with modern political models. Drawing on the analysis of Islamic political theory, the paper critically interacts with such key institutions as Shura (consultation), Khilafah (caliphate), and Maslahah (public interest) in relation to modern democratic, constitutional, and authoritarian models. The analysis also investigates practical applications in countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia to demonstrate the multiple meanings of Islamic governance in statecraft. Through comparative analysis of the models, the paper demonstrates both Islamic ideals' contradictions and harmonies with modern state institutions. Finally, the study argues that, while Islamic governance is rooted strongly in moral and religious ideals, it simultaneously offers adaptive mechanisms that can be assimilated into modern political systems to realize a more righteous and just government.