Al-Asr International Research Journal of Islamic Studies

Different Teaching Techniques and Methods used by the last Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH): An Explorative Study

2025-04-21T05:38:58+00:00

Effects of materialistic education system on the Muslim nation are very shocking. It has been creating uncertainties, miscalculations, imaginations, suspensions and misunderstandings in the mind of the Muslims and most significantly the teenage years. This pitiful scenario transforms and it has been causing the youths too greatly in losing their self-identity as Muslims. The inability to learn and experience the uniqueness of the educational pedagogy of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has failed many people sadly to see the beauty of Islam in its holistic approach with regards to its educational pedagogy. Different pedagogical theories that have been established by the secular educationists carried out the conception of different faith systems from the west. However, having studied the life, practices and teachings of a man who has been considered as the best exemplary and the modest for the entire humanity by the Muslim and non-Muslims alike. It has been clearly noted that there are different ways and teaching methods applied by the Prophet (PBUH) to educate the old and the young in different ways, nature, time, techniques and diverse patterns. The study is designed to revisiting different approaches adopted by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to teach and train his friends, family, companions and enemies alike. This study is carried out through exploratory research by reexamining different teaching methods and techniques of the Prophet (PBUH) from different sources such as Hadith, Sunnah and the Seerah of the last Prophet (PBUH). Investigator tried to achieve further understandings in different aspects which includes approaches, applications, stages and processes, etc. The researcher basically started with general overview about the teaching methods and techniques applied by Prophet (PBUH), in His whole methods of teaching and learning. It has been used as an instrument to recognize some critical related issues that could cover ways to different area of attentions for the more study. The tools used in this study includes documents analysis, journals, books, university record and report, interviewing Islamic educators and observation. A critical analysis is also used to shed more light on those different teaching methods and techniques applied by the last Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

The Need and Importance of Jurisprudence in Religious Understanding

2025-04-21T06:24:15+00:00

The jurisprudence is such a science in which the jurists derived the solution of new issues. The base of this knowledge is the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah as the primary sources of the jusrisprudence. The center and axis of the jurisprudence is only to obay the rulings of Allah Almighty. Its first source for law making is Holy Quran. The second source of this law is surrending around the Allah Almighty order that obey the Messenger (Sunnah). The third source is the obedience of the leaders of authority, who have the special quality of being consistent. The jurists seek solutions to new problems from the Quran and Sunnah. The method of doing this is that they compare new problems, incidents, and unsolved problems with the cause of solved problems. They do not derive the Shariah ruling from their own opinion, but they seek the Shariah ruling for a new problem based on a common cause. The cause of the old and new problem is the same as the already existing Quran and Sunnah. The Shariah ruling is not new, but the problem is new. And the Shariah ruling is already present in the Quran and Hadith. A jurist take out the Shariah ruling for the new problem based on a common cause. In this article the need and importance of jurisprudence for better understanding the rulings of the Islam will be discussed.

Cyber Diplomacy in De-escalating Cyber Conflicts: Case Studies of US-Russia and China-US Relations

2025-04-16T05:44:58+00:00

Cyber diplomacy has emerged as a critical tool in managing and de-escalating cyber conflicts between nation-states. This study examines the role of cyber diplomacy in mitigating tensions between major powers, focusing on case studies of US-Russia and China-US relations. By analyzing specific instances of cyber conflicts and the diplomatic efforts employed to resolve them, this research aims to identify effective strategies and frameworks for conflict de-escalation. The study highlights the importance of international norms, bilateral agreements, and multilateral cooperation in addressing cyber threats. Findings suggest that while cyber diplomacy can be effective, its success often depends on the willingness of states to engage in good faith and adhere to established norms. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on cyber diplomacy by providing practical insights into its application in real-world scenarios.

Hajj Subsidy by the Government: A Research Study on the Shariah Ruling and the Opinion of the Council of Islamic Ideology

2025-04-29T05:52:05+00:00

During the Hajj season, issues such as the rising cost of Hajj, the devaluation of the Pakistani currency, the Hajj quota, performing Hajj under the government scheme, and through private tour operators, often become the focus of media attention. Alongside these, another important issue also comes under discussion: whether it is permissible under Islamic law for the government to provide financial assistance or any form of concession to pilgrims—which is commonly referred to as a subsidy. As soon as this topic arises, scholars begin to express their views according to their understanding. Some scholars take the position that such a subsidy is not permissible, while others prefer the viewpoint that it is allowed, based on Islamic legal evidence. In Pakistan, there is an important constitutional body called the Council of Islamic Ideology, which comprises esteemed scholars from across the country, ensuring representation from various schools of thought. This institution deliberates collectively to form an opinion, effectively acting as a modern platform for collective ijtihad. On this significant issue, the Council has also conducted its own deliberations and reached a conclusion. This paper aims to present a research-based study of the Council's opinion, so that its scholarly dimensions can be analyzed.

Religion Issue of Abandoned Children: Analytical Study of Juristic and Legal Approaches

2025-04-30T04:58:44+00:00

Human Respect is an important element for any human society. Societies comply with the people of different categories and different natures. Abandoned children are no doubt an important class of the human society which cannot be ignored or left helpless. There may be different issues of the abandoned children and the religion issues related to the abandoned children cannot be left unsolved as the religion deals with most of the social as well as the worship issues. When the parents of a child are unknown, then complications related to this matter will increase day by day. To prove the religion of an abandoned child, guardian influence, lineage of the abandoned and evidences available to resolve this issues will critically be observed. Each criterion for proving the religion of such child is further divided into different issues and juristic opinion. Lastly it will be discusses that if child disbelieves and turns to any other religion, how will he be dealt? The main objective of this research is to explore the different juristic opinions related to the religion of any abandoned child so that his worldly matters may be dealt with his/hers determined religion. This is, in some way, the freedom of religion even for a minor person. It is Islamic quality that it deals with principles just to provide the justice to every member of the society.

The Rearmament and Arms Control Policy under Sir George Ross-Keppel: Strategies, Implications, and Legacy in the North-West Frontier

2025-04-30T09:50:15+00:00

This study explores the rearmament and arms control policy implemented under Sir George Ross-Keppel during his tenure as Chief Commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) in British India. In February 1899, the Punjab Government ordered the Frontier authorities to disarm the people of settled districts to prevent the supply of arms and ammunition to the trans-border tribes from the British India to minimize the crime in British India. The above act was the result of Great Uprising of 1897-98, which converted the Diamond Jubilee of British Queen Victoria ascending to the throne as a year of trouble. At a time when the region was marked by tribal autonomy, cross-border tensions, and frequent uprisings, Ross-Keppel adopted a pragmatic approach that blended limited rearmament with strategic disarmament to maintain peace and order. His policies focused on regulating arms possession among tribal communities, controlling the flow of weapons across the Durand Line, and using traditional mechanisms such as jirgas to enforce compliance. Rather than imposing blanket disarmament, Ross-Keppel recognized the cultural and security significance of arms among the Pashtun tribes and aimed to co-opt local leadership into a framework of controlled militarization under British oversight. This paper analyzes the rationale, implementation, and long-term implications of these policies, arguing that Ross-Keppel’s approach reflected an early form of hybrid governance—balancing imperial control with indigenous autonomy. The legacy of these strategies continues to influence contemporary debates on arms control and tribal governance in the region.

AI and Human Wisdom: An Ethical Approach to Business Leadership Based on Prophetic Teachings

2025-05-02T04:32:22+00:00

Business leadership is filled with both great promise and great ethical challenges in the context of artificial intelligence (AI).AI may offer solutions such as data analysis, automation, and predictions; rather, such as increase in its input on decision-making processes would be a serious concern. Moral judgment, wisdom, and creativity are part of the things that advanced AI systems do not possess as human leaders contribute to decision-making. This one also raises the major concern emerging from such a console: AI is well capable of optimizing businesses processes; there are, however, no prospects that it would certainly replace deeper ethical decision-making for actual leadership. In this age, where human value apparently becomes worthless compared to system efficiency, AI-informed decisions are little affected by human and social welfare. This perspective definitely requires AI to be the basis of the businesses management concerning employee, customer, and society welfare. Empathy and ethical attribution are model attributes that AI system lacks. Prophetic teachings, however, sharply contrast against the cold, mechanical decision-making brought about by AI. Emphasis on justice and moral integrity and compassion-qualities necessary in leadership and businesses-is given by these ever-clinging teachings. Such prophets also remind us that real leadership accrues from moral responsibility and accountability, not just efficiency. Thus, it argues that while AI has the advantage of technology, much caution should be exercised in its deployment into the business floor. We suggest a leadership model, based on Prophetic wisdom, that is impervious to the de-humanizing reforms imposed by AI. The paper is all about how artificial intelligence (AI) breathes life into ethical business leadership. While AI adds strokes to technological marvels-yet to be beaten on aspects such as efficiency, automation, and analysis of generated data-it would not be expected to judge morally or with empathy and wisdom. Its flags the main ethical challenges AI raises, which includes biasness, privacy, violation, and mechanized inhuman way of looking at decision-making, considering profit even beyond humanity. Integrating prophetic teachings with leadership models is the advice of the authors in alleviating such challenges. Such principles include justice, sympathy, accountability, humility, and integrity, which were inspired by the example of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). These are integral towards cultivating ethical decision-making and social responsibility and entail an impartial, compassionate, and transparent approach to leadership. It is mainly within the virtue of being human that gives man the difference from machines, and this is what organizes the necessity of the presence of wisdom among men to net complex moral dilemmas. They, too, have credibility because emotional intelligence, creativity, and ethical insight. It is further supported by the ethical AI framework, with inclusiveness, transparency, and accountability in the assurance that AI really serves mankind and does not undermine what it entails with in the ethical consideration, Case studies represent unethical events and successful efforts about sustainable and ethical standards, which include showing biased hiring algorithms and AI-driven sustainability efforts, respectively. The end of the line is that the ethical integration of artificial intelligence in leadership would be possible through the synthesis of human wisdom and prophetic ethics. Balanced, the advancement of technology serves society to value and hence, creates a far, dignified, and trustworthy environment for a sustainable and ethical future for businesses.

Effective Learning Strategies for HSK-5 Reading: Insights from Pakistani Students

2025-05-02T05:00:01+00:00

This article explores the challenges and effective learning strategies employed by Pakistani students in preparing for the HSK-5 reading test, a crucial component of the Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK), which assesses advanced proficiency in Chinese language among non-native speakers. The HSK-5, with its demanding vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and culturally nuanced content, presents significant hurdles for learners, particularly for those from linguistic and cultural backgrounds vastly different from Chinese, such as Pakistan. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative data, this study identifies the most effective strategies that Pakistani students use to overcome these challenges and improve their reading comprehension. Key strategies include contextual vocabulary learning, where students focus on understanding words within sentences and passages rather than relying solely on rote memorization. Regular practice with past exam papers and mock tests is another critical strategy, helping students familiarize themselves with the exam format, manage their time effectively, and reduce test anxiety. Group study sessions and peer learning are also highlighted, as they provide opportunities for collaborative learning, discussion of difficult passages, and mutual support. Additionally, the integration of Chinese media such as films, dramas, and news into daily life is shown to enhance language exposure and cultural understanding, which are essential for mastering the reading component of HSK-5. Finally, the importance of seeking guidance from native speakers and experienced teachers is emphasized, as these interactions offer insights into the nuances of the language and cultural context.This article concludes that a combination of these strategies, tailored to the unique needs of Pakistani students, can significantly improve their performance in the HSK-5 reading test. The findings offer valuable insights for learners, educators, and policymakers aiming to enhance Chinese language education in Pakistan, and contribute to the broader understanding of effective language learning strategies in cross-cultural contexts.

Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Based on Modern Science and Specific Sharia Principles

2025-05-05T05:03:03+00:00

This research explores the complex ethical and legal dimensions of organ donation and transplantation within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence. The study delves into the debates between the outright prohibition (عدم جواز) and the conditional permissibility (مشروط جواز) of donating and transplanting human organs. Various classical and contemporary Islamic scholars’ viewpoints are analyzed to understand the diverse interpretations of Shariah regarding bodily integrity, necessity, and saving lives. The paper outlines the specific conditions under which organ donation may be deemed permissible, such as consent, the absence of commercial motives, and the necessity of saving a life. The research aims to provide a balanced perspective by presenting both the reservations and allowances found in Islamic teachings, offering guidance for Muslims navigating modern medical challenges.

The Juristic and Legal Theories on Permissibility and Prohibition in Wealth: An Applied Study of Shariah Maxims

2025-05-05T05:07:32+00:00

This article is a detailed discussion about the shariah and legal rules for the permissibility and prohibition of the wealth. Every member of the human society is need of earning and spending money and when this act will accord Shariah guidelines it will become the Ibadah which is the main objective of human creation. This research paper is a practical study of Shariah and contemporary Legal Maxims related to concept of Halal and Haram in financial matters. These maxims explain the sharia rulings in precise, comprehensive and short form and clearly mention the goal and objective of Islam in money making process. Which process of money making allowed in Islam and what steps in this regard Islam prohibits? Detail of these important issues is provided in this article. In this it has been made clear for the reader that Islam does not allow each and every mode for earning or having the property but there are some prescribed rules and regulations which must be followed in earning or spending the money. This article in a comprehensive study of practical juristic and legal approaches to observe the Shariah prohibition in earning money and it will enable the reader to refrain from any act in financial matters which may cause Shariah as well as the legal violation.

Workplace Forgiveness and Meaningful Work Experience in Islamic Context: Insights from a Mixed-Methods Study of Muslim Professionals

2025-05-05T05:10:59+00:00

The present study implied mixed method approach to investigate the relationship between forgiveness and experiencing meaningful work among professionals in Pakistan. In quantitative phase, data were collected from a purposive sample comprised of teachers and doctors (N=200) working in different private and public sectors of institutions. Two standardized scales including Heartland Forgiveness Scale and, and The Work and Meaning Inventory were used for data collection. Results revealed a significant positive relationship between meaningful work experience and forgiveness. Furthermore, professionals from upper middle class experienced more meaningful work and they were more forgiver as compared to the middle class. Particularly, doctors demonstrated significantly greater experiences of meaningful work and higher levels of forgiveness than teachers. These findings underscore the potential role of forgiveness in fostering meaningful workplace experiences, particularly in the face of professional challenges. In the qualitative part of the study, six semi structured interviews were using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to capture the depth and complexity of their lived experiences. Major themes were forgiveness as a path to emotional relief and workplace balance, reconnecting with purpose, perceiving work as a spiritual obligation, meaningful work experiences and personal well-being. The findings have practical implications for organizations, managers, and professionals aiming to enhance workplace well-being and career fulfillment. Moreover, the study offers valuable insights for organizational psychologists and practitioners in developing interventions that cultivate forgiveness to promote meaningful work experiences.

Exploring the Seerah Narratives of the Makkan and Madinan Periods in al-Qurtubi’s al-Jami‘ li-Ahkam al-Qur’an

2025-05-06T04:58:09+00:00

This research aims to explore and analyze the Seerah narratives related to the Makkan and Madinan periods as presented in Imam al-Qurtubi’s renowned tafsir, al-Jami‘ li-Ahkam al-Qur’an. The study investigates how Imam al-Qurtubi integrates the life events of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) within his exegesis of the Qur’anic text, highlighting historical contexts, legal implications, and theological insights. Special attention is given to the distinction between the Makkan and Madinan revelations, their thematic relevance to the Prophet’s mission, and how these narratives contribute to the understanding of the Qur'an through the lens of Prophetic biography. This analytical study bridges the disciplines of tafsir and Seerah, offering a unique perspective on Qur’anic interpretation rooted in historical experience.

Social Complaint in Contemporary Arabic Poetry

2025-05-08T09:07:19+00:00

This paper explores the theme of social complaint in contemporary Arabic poetry, highlighting how poets articulate collective grievances, social injustices, and cultural disillusionment in the modern Arab world. In response to political repression, economic inequality, and identity crises, contemporary Arab poets have increasingly used verse as a medium for social resistance and moral commentary. Through a critical examination of selected works by prominent modern poets—including Mahmoud Darwish, Nizar Qabbani, and Adonis—this study investigates how poetic expression serves as both a mirror and a critique of societal realities. The analysis reveals a shift from traditional poetic forms to more experimental and free-verse structures, reflecting the urgency and fragmentation of modern social experiences. By contextualizing poetic narratives within broader socio-political frameworks, the paper underscores the evolving role of poetry as a platform for dissent and transformation in Arab societies. Ultimately, it argues that social complaint in contemporary Arabic poetry is not merely a reflection of discontent but a catalyst for cultural awareness and potential reform.

The Tradition of Miraj Namas in Urdu A Brief Overview South Indian’s Literature (Part 01)

2025-05-09T07:56:54+00:00

The word "Nama" in Urdu comes from Persian. In Pehlavi (Old Persian) it was "Namak" which means "Book". "Nama" has been used in Persian for the meaning of letter, footnote, & book. Various books & booklets with thematic diversity have been associated with the suffix Nama in Urdu. Among these themed books, Chakki Nama, Lori Nama, Pankha Nama, Dhol Nama, Charkha Nama, Qayamat Nama, Maa Baap Nama, Faqar Nama, Ibrat Nama, Zafar Nama, Wasit Nama, Faalnama, Khawb Nama includes Milad Nama, Shamail Nama, Wafat Nama, Noor Nama and Miraj Nama. The night journey of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is known as “Miraaj”[Ascension]. It is such a mysterious & miraculous journey that has left a very significant creative impression on the canvas of human thought and vision. After this great event, man has made conscious efforts to trace this ascension on both creative and practical levels. And new worlds have been exposed to this pursuit at both levels. Miraj Nama refers to a book or booklet in which the event of Miraj is described in prose and verse with its details and parts. The tradition of writing Manzoom (in prose/poetic manners) Miraaj in Urdu came from Persian. In the beginning, the poets called "Mirajiyah stanzas" in their Compilations and Masnavis. Syed Balaqi wrote the first regular poem Miraj Nama in Deccan during the reign of Qutb Shah. Although Urdu Natia poetry has always been rich in terms of Mirajiya subjects and poets in almost all genres of poetry have rarely composed Miraajiyah subjects but the number of separately written Miraaj Namas is also not small. After the good beginning of Syed Balaqi, Moazzam, Mulla Raabi, Mukhtar, Mohiuddin Fattahi, Amin Gujrati, Miran Hashmi, Muhammad Hussain, Moazzam Qadri Bijapuri, Shah Abul Hasan Qorbi, Shah Kamaluddin, Qasim Mehri, Mir Qudratullah Khan, Imam Bakhsh Nasikh, Mir Muzaffar Hussain, Mohsen Kakurvi. Imam Ahmad Raza Khan, Hafiz Mohammad Faizullah, Ghulam Muhammad, Muhammad Daulat Khan, Syed Jafarullah Hussaini Aziz Lucknowi, Khwaja Muhammad Akbar Khan Warsi and scholars like Nazar Sabri wrote Miraj Namas.

The Tradition of Miraj Names in Urdu A Brief Overview North Indian’s Literature (Part 02)

2025-05-09T08:12:03+00:00

Principles of Murabaha to the Purchase Order in Hanafi and Maliki Jurisprudence: A Research-Based Study

2025-05-09T10:33:55+00:00

This research presents an analytical study of the principles of Murabaha to the Purchase Order in the context of Hanafi and Maliki jurisprudence. Murabaha is a key contract in Islamic finance, wherein a seller purchases goods upon the buyer's request and sells them at a declared profit margin. The study examines whether this practice aligns with general Shariah principles and specifically with the legal doctrines of the Hanafi and Maliki schools. It also explores the conditions, guarantees, and practical implementations of such contracts within modern Islamic banking systems. The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive framework rooted in classical jurisprudence to guide contemporary Islamic financial institutions in adhering to Shariah compliance.

Problems Faced by President Ayub Khan During His Long-Lasting Rule 1958-1969: A Critical Analysis

2025-05-12T04:33:36+00:00

In eleven years as Pakistan's leader, Mohammed Ayub Khan had kept a stable government and handled economic issues well. However, he had not enhanced his relations with India, especially regarding the issue of Kashmir. His failure to secure an agreement on the issue of Kashmir had reduced his army support and strengthened his opponents. Additionally, the war against India in September 1965 had increased separatist unrest in East Pakistan. Ayub faces significant domestic criticism mainly about his foreign policy. He can only silence critics through successful dealings with India, which seems unlikely. Without this success, he must pay more attention to his opponents’ views. Ayub and the Army have significant personal influence in the officer corps. Ayub is worried about criticism from the military. His good relations with the army weakened after his unsuccessful attempt to resolve the Kashmir issue in 1965. Without army support, he might stay in power for a while, but would quickly fall if the army opposed him. The article aims to examine the various problems faced by Ayub Khan during his rule.

The Veneration of the Master of the First and the Last in the Holy Qur’an

2025-05-15T09:59:38+00:00

Veneration of the Prophet Muhammad (PBH) is a great part of faith. It is the right of the Prophet (PBH) that the Muslim ummah respect him more than all creatures. But nowadays, some Muslims have forgotten the greatness of the Prophet (PBUH). So this research shows how to maximize the Prophet (PBUH) in many aspects in the holy Quran.

Prison Literature in Al-Andalus: The Experience of Suffering and Resistance

2025-05-16T05:21:45+00:00

Prison literature is a literary genre in which a writer or poet expresses their personal experience in prison or reflects on the suffering of others in captivity or confinement—whether for political, ideological, religious, or social reasons. This type of literature is characterized by the sincerity of emotions, the intensity of personal experience, and the density of expression, addressing themes such as deprivation, injustice, hope, resistance, identity, and human fragility. Dr. Shawqi Daif, in his book "Art and Its Schools in Arabic Poetry", writes: “Poetry written by an author during a time of hardship—be it imprisonment or exile—emerges from the depths of the soul, carrying the burdens of both the self and the community, which grants it a human value that transcends the personal moment.” While this literary form appeared at various points throughout Islamic history, its expression in Al-Andalus took on a distinctive character due to the unique political and cultural conditions of the region. Al-Andalus is the name given by Muslims to the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal), from its conquest in 92 AH / 711 CE until the fall of its last Muslim kingdom, Granada, in 897 AH / 1492 CE. Islamic rule in Al-Andalus spanned more than eight centuries, during which several states rose and fell, including the Umayyad Caliphate, the Taifa kingdoms, the Almoravids, the Almohads, and the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. Al-Andalus was known for its ethnic and religious diversity, as well as its scientific and artistic advancement. It represented a cultural fusion between the Islamic East and the Christian West. However, this civilization also witnessed periods of conflict and political turmoil, such as civil strife, internal divisions, and wars with northern Christian kingdoms. These conditions gave rise to phenomena such as political imprisonment, arbitrary detention, and exile. The historian al-Maqrīzī, in his book "Nafḥ al-Ṭīb from the Fragrant Branch of Al-Andalus", described Al-Andalus as: “The paradise of knowledge and literature, the refuge of poets’ hearts—but also, in its final days, a land of trials and heartbreak.”

Family Disputes: Causes, Effects, and Solutions in the Light of the Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)

2025-05-19T05:58:54+00:00

Family conflicts are a widespread issue that significantly impacts individuals' and communities' emotional, psychological, and social well-being. This article explores the root causes and consequences of domestic disputes and analyses their resolution in the light of the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Drawing on Hadith literature and the Prophet’s practical examples, the study highlights effective strategies for conflict prevention and reconciliation. It emphasizes the importance of communication, patience, forgiveness, justice, and compassion in resolving familial tensions. This article aims to present a prophetic model for maintaining harmony and stability within the family unit.

Baba Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar and His Teachings About Asceticism & Self-Sufficiency: A Research and Historical Study

2025-05-19T06:45:56+00:00

The Islamic Sharia (Islamic Law) deals with the physical and visible aspect of life. Spiritualism is the inside of Sharia. The basis of spiritualism and the science of Sufism is the excellence of what Sharia achieves by accomplishing its commands and actions through extreme righteousness of intention and trueness of heart and soul. The otherworldly mindset is the real spirit of Islam. Islam is lifeless without otherworldly beliefs in the same way as our physical organism is a dead body without soul. The Sufi saints and the friends of Allah spread the teachings of Islam everywhere. The Sufi saints are always regardless and needless towards peoples’ wealth and properties for themselves because Sufism is that stage of Allah’s friendship where they do not feel any grievance or complaint against anybody. This treatise concentrates on otherworldly mindset and teachings and disregard for worldly interests of his eminence, head of saints, Shaykh-ul-Islam Baba Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar (Allah be pleased with him). It apprises you of the episodes of his life that vividly mirror his otherworldly pursuits, disregard for the worldly pursuits, asceticism, self-denial and austerity. We learn how Baba Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar remained needless of people and how perfectly he spent his life with excellent trust and faith in Almighty Allah.

Resolution of Social Conflicts in the Light of the Prophetic Seerah

2025-05-20T08:39:12+00:00

The blessed biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is not only a spiritual and religious guide but also a comprehensive social charter. In today’s world, increasing social divisions, class conflicts, ideological polarization, and intolerance are pressing challenges. The Prophetic Seerah offers exemplary guidance rooted in justice, compassion, dialogue, and tolerance. This paper explores how the Prophet ﷺ addressed and resolved social differences among tribes, faiths, and social classes through wisdom, patience, and practical strategies. The study concludes that applying the Seerah’s principles to modern societal systems can lead to sustainable peace, interfaith harmony, and social justice.

The Principled and Civilizational Evolution of Constitution-Making: An Analysis of Legal Development and State Formation in Islamic and Western Traditions

2025-05-25T14:43:38+00:00

This research article offers a comparative analysis of the principled and civilizational evolution of constitution-making in Islamic and Western traditions. It highlights the distinct historical, cultural, and intellectual contexts that shaped the constitutional development in these two prominent civilizations. The article posits that while Western constitutionalism evolved from the ancient Greek and Roman democratic ideals to modern European theories, the foundations of Islamic constitution-making are rooted in the establishment of the State of Medina, centered on principles of justice, consultation, and Islamic governance. The Constitution of Medina is presented as a seminal example, not only for establishing a stable state but also for pioneering principles of governance and citizen rights. Notably, it predates Western written constitutions by centuries, embodying concepts like religious tolerance, individual liberty, and collective responsibility long before they gained traction in the West. The study traces Western constitutional development from early philosophical concepts to the Magna Carta and the US Constitution, underscoring the shift towards limiting state power and safeguarding individual rights. In contrast, Islamic constitutional thought, deeply intertwined with religious doctrine, emphasizes the state’s role in serving faith, fostering moral values, and ensuring justice and equality for all citizens, irrespective of their faith or background. The article concludes by asserting that Islamic constitution-making offers a comprehensive, practical, and enduring model rooted in divine guidance, presenting a beacon for global constitutional thought even today.

Historical Analysis of Communal Relations in India After 1947

2025-05-27T09:01:33+00:00

Pakistan and India came in to being on 14^th and 15^th of august 1947 respectively. Sir Sirel Radcliff was Chairman of Boundary Commission and he intentionally created unsolvable issues between Pakistan and India. Large number of Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan, however huge quantity of Muslims decided to live in India after Partition. But after 1947 there have been several instances of religious violence against Muslims occurred in secular India. Near about 6,933 instances of communal violence between Muslims and Hindus during 1954 and 1982 reported. The causes of these violence’s are assorted. It was resentment toward the Islamic conquest of India during Middle Ages some says. Many scholars believe that incidents of anti-Muslim violence are politically motivated and a part of the electoral strategy of mainstream political parties in India who were associated with Hindu nationalism like BJP and RSS etc. Other scholars believe that the violence in India were the result of local socio-political and religious conditions. However Muslim Hindu Communal clashes have badly hurt the secular state concept of India.

Co-Education: Positive and Negative Aspects

2025-05-27T09:41:51+00:00

Education is playing a fundamental role in all societies since ancient times. Thanks to the renaissance of the peoples of the world, which have undergone a great revolution and revolution in the theater of industry, the right of these mutations depends on the basis of education. The primary principles of education that instills the love of citizenship from the youngest children, the first step to success and win the whole life. The co-education system encourages children to communicate with each other. Hence, co-education has a great impact on the psychology of children as students and relies on their souls and assimilation of knowledge and dealing with them. During the educational stage in which the completion of building the personality of the student of science from all parties. There are different types of education considering the different stages of education. The female & male learners together in the same school, college or university. Although Islam does not favor this system but it is found almost in all Islamic countries other than Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This co- education system is in many countries of the world, in many different stages of education ranging from kindergarten to university education.

Social Media and Pakistan: A Conceptual and Descriptive Estimate of Social Media’s Impacts on Pakistan

2025-05-28T07:28:45+00:00

The article under consideration provides a conceptual and descriptive estimate of Social Media’s impacts on Education, Students, Youth, Politics, Religion and Business in Pakistan. It covers the historical genesis of social media and gradual expansion of its impact in the world. The article focuses primarily on Pakistan and its society. It attempts to indicate that social media can be a source of strengthening of solidarity within the country as also indicated in Pakistan’s recent confrontation with India in May 2025 and Pakistani people’s social media response to it.

Keywords: Social Media, Pakistan, Impacts, Internet Penetration, Facebook, You Tube

Dimensions of Library and Information Science in Pakistan: A Historical Development

2025-05-30T05:00:34+00:00

This study, grounded in historical research and supported by primary and secondary sources, seeks to chart the developmental course of LIS in Pakistan. Moreover, that article examines the historical development of Library and Information Science (LIS) in Pakistan, tracing its evolution from colonial origins to the digital era seeks with different dimensions in this discipline. It examines key milestones in institutional development, academic programming, technological advancements, and professional practices. The analysis highlights the field’s steady progression despite challenges such as underfunding, limited policy support, and uneven access to educational and technological resources. In synthesizing the historical trajectory of LIS in Pakistan, this study underscores the necessity of sustained policy attention, increased investment, and strategic planning to bridge gaps between urban and rural services, public and academic libraries, and traditional and digital paradigms. The study concludes that while LIS in Pakistan has made significant strides, its future depends on continued policy reforms, investment in education, and integration of global best practices. The historical development of LIS in Pakistan reflects a gradual transition from colonial-influenced practices to a modern information science discipline.

Keywords: Dimensions, Library, Information Science, Historical Development, Pakistan

The Biography of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan: A Research-Based Analytical Study

2025-05-31T10:57:51+00:00

Abstract

This research-based analytical study explores the intellectual, spiritual, and reformative dimensions of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan (1925–2021), a prominent Islamic scholar and thinker of the modern era. The paper examines his life, works, and major contributions to Islamic thought, particularly his emphasis on peace, non-violence, interfaith dialogue, and intellectual reform. Drawing from his vast literary output—over 200 books and numerous articles—this study analyzes his unique approach to da'wah, which advocated peaceful coexistence and rational discourse in a pluralistic world. The research investigates how Maulana Khan’s vision of Islamic revival differed from mainstream political Islam. It also evaluates his critique of traditionalist and revolutionary trends in the Muslim world, offering instead a model grounded in personal spiritual transformation and Quranic wisdom. His methodology combined classical scholarship with modern sensibilities, addressing contemporary challenges such as secularism, materialism, and extremism. By analyzing his core philosophical ideas and reform strategies, the study aims to position Maulana Wahiduddin Khan as a leading voice in postcolonial Islamic revivalism.

Keywords: Wahiduddin Khan, Islamic Reform, Non-violence, Da'wah, Intellectual Revival, Islamic Civilization, Interfaith Dialogue, Modern Muslim Thought, Postcolonial Islam, Peaceful Coexistence.

The Biography of Mufti Taqi Usmani: A Research-Based Analytical Study

2025-06-01T09:20:47+00:00

This research-based analytical study critically examines the life, scholarship, and jurisprudential contributions of Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, one of the foremost contemporary Islamic jurists and scholars. The study explores his multidimensional role as a leading authority in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), Islamic finance, and Quranic exegesis, highlighting his efforts in integrating classical Islamic knowledge with modern-day challenges. By analyzing his vast corpus of writings and legal opinions, the paper reveals how Mufti Usmani’s approach has shaped contemporary Islamic legal thought, particularly in the areas of Islamic banking, Shariah compliance, and ethical governance. The study further evaluates his influence on the global Muslim community and his engagement with contemporary issues such as secularism, modernity, and interfaith relations. It also critically discusses the methodological rigor and adaptability of his jurisprudential framework, assessing the balance he maintains between tradition and innovation. By situating Mufti Usmani within the broader spectrum of Deobandi scholarship and global Islamic reform, the research underscores his pivotal role in the revival and dissemination of authentic Islamic knowledge in the 21st century.

Keywords: Mufti Taqi Usmani, Islamic jurisprudence, Fiqh, Islamic finance, Shariah compliance, Quranic exegesis, contemporary Islamic thought, Deobandi scholarship, legal reform, Islamic ethics.

A Review of the Contemporary Situation of Minorities Rights: In the light of Biography of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him)

2025-06-01T10:11:59+00:00

Allah Almighty has sent the Prophets for the guidance of whole mankind in every era. The object of their coming is to revival the supreme values of humanity. The chain of prophets ends on the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) is the last Prophet of Allah. He has come as the mercy for all. In those days, men and women were sold like sheep and goats. He gave respect to all human beings. He gave special respect to women. Like this, he protected the rights of minorities in the society. He gave them full respect and honour. But unfortunately, today we have left the Seerah of our Holy Prophet (SAW). Today extremeism is present in our attitudes. There is no toleration in our behaviours today. We understand the difference of opinion as enmity. We become ready to react on every hearsay thing. Whereas it is clear commandment of th Holy Quran: “O believers! If some wicked person brings you any news, inquire thoroughly into its truth (lest) you should cause (undue) harm to a people unknowingly, and later feel regret for what you have done “(al-Hujurat 49:6) Today we ourselves are involve in many immoral habits but we want to see others a true Muslim. We want to impose our point of view on others. Whereas Islam’s universal message is: “There is no compulsion in Din (Religion).” (al-Baqarah 2:256)

In Islam ,there is no right of any individual to take law in his own hand. Today we do not hear the stance of others and we want to punish him without hearing. Whereas it is the Sunnah of Allah Almighty to give the right of explanation. When Allah commanded the angels to prostrate before Adam (A.S). All angels prostrated themselves but Iblis refused to do so. Allah Almighty did not punish the Iblis immediately. But He gave him the opportunity to explain and asked: “(Allah) said: (O Iblis!) what inhibited you that you did not prostrate yourself when I commanded you?, He said: ‘I am better than he. You have created me from fire and you have made him from clay.’ “ (al-Araf 7:12) When he explained his stance, then Allah gave the decision and said: “(Allah) said: ‘So, get you down from here. You have no right to show arrogance here. Away with you (from My presence)! You are certainly of the disgraced and the humiliated lot.’ “ (al-Araf 7:13) The Holy Prophet also said: “It is enough to become a man lier/sinner that he narrate forward whatever he listen.” (Sunan Abu Dawud, 4992). Today these things are missing in our society. There is lack of investigation in our society. We understand that this is our authority to kill others without hearing their stance. We must have follow the Seerah of our Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW). Our Holy Prophet (SAW) gave all rights to non-muslim minorities. He himself make a treaty with Jews in Madina and gave them equal rights like Muslims. He protected their lives. He forbade to kill the women, children, old men and priests even during the war. He eliminated the law of killing the ambassadors and secured their lives. All non-muslim minorities had full religious freedom in Madina State as Christians of Najran worshiped in the mosque of Holy Prophet (SAW) according to their own religion. The righteous caliphs of Holy Prophet (SAW) also followed his seerah and gave old age scholarships to non-muslim minorities. In this article, the rights of minorities have been described in the light of the biography of the Holy Prophet (SAW).

Keywords: Mankind, Prophets, Last Prophet (SAW), Rights of minorities, Extremism, Commandment, Sunnah, Jews, Christians, Investigation, Madina, Najran, Scholarships.

The Methodology and Approach of Imam Qatada ibn Dieama in his Book “Al nasikh wa al-Mansookh fi Kitab Allah Taalah”

2025-06-02T03:42:03+00:00

The discussion on the various branches of Ulum al-Quran (Quranic Sciences) began right from the revelation of the first wahy (divine inspiration). The senior Sahabah (Companions of the Prophet) emphasized its importance on various occasions. For instance, Sayyidun Ali al-Murtaza (may Allah be pleased with him) highlighted the significance of Nasikh wa Mansukh (abrogating and abrogated verses) when he warned a preacher about the dangers of lacking knowledge in this field, saying, "You have perished and caused others to perish!" However, it was during the era of the Tabiin (Successors) and Tabiʿ al-Tabiʿin (their successors) that this knowledge was systematically compiled into written form and established as an independent discipline. Numerous works were authored on the subject. Understanding Nasikh wa Mansukh was deemed essential for comprehending Tafsir al-Quran (Quranic exegesis) and deriving rulings (hukam). In fact, a mufti (Islamic jurist) was not permitted to issue fatawa (legal verdicts) without mastering this science. Many scholars contributed to this field, each adopting their own methodology. Among them was Qatadah ibn Diʿamah, whose book"Al-Nasikh wa al-Mansukh fi Kitab Allah Taala" holds a foundational status in this discipline. It is considered the Umm al-Kitab (mother book) of this science, and his work is regarded as the earliest known compilation on the subject. It would not be an exaggeration to say that “there is no book in this field that has not benefited from his work. Similarly, in Tafsir literature, many exegetes have cited the narrations transmitted by Qatadah ibn Diʿamah with great importance.

Keyword: Nasikh wa Mansukh, Quranic Sciences, Foundational reference work, Abrogating and Abrogated Verses,

Environmental Balance and Resource Conservation in the Light of the Sīrat al-Nabī ﷺ

2025-06-02T04:20:00+00:00

In the modern world, the concept of a global village has emerged, where rapid advancements in science and technology have greatly improved human life. However, these human activities have also led to dangerous impacts on the natural environment. Significant and harmful changes have occurred in the natural, chemical, and biological properties of air, water, and land, resulting in alarming increases in global temperatures and heightened environmental pollution. These environmental changes pose serious threats to human life, causing the loss of millions of lives and the extinction of various species of animals and plants. If this trend is not controlled, it is feared that many species may disappear permanently from the Earth. Consequently, environmental issues and their solutions are now regarded as the most critical challenge for human survival. The teachings of the Sīrat al-Nabī (PBUH) have encouraged Muslims to adopt values and practices that help preserve the environment from harmful effects and negative changes. In the light of the Prophet's (PBUH) guidance, environmental protection can be ensured, as his sayings and actions on environmental conservation hold the second-highest importance after the Quran. This abstract discusses the teachings of Sīrat al-Nabī (PBUH) that offer guiding principles for the protection and improvement of the environment.

Keywords: Global village, environmental pollution, climate change, Sīrat al-Nabī (PBUH), environmental protection, sustainability

The Requirement of a Guardian (Walī) in Marriage and the Legal Capacity of Women: A Jurisprudential and Exegetical Critical Study in the Light of Tafsir Mazhari

2025-06-05T12:10:46+00:00

This research paper explores the rulings regarding the legal authority (Wilayah) of women as guardians (Wali) in Islamic jurisprudence, with a specific focus on the interpretation presented in Tafsir Mazhari. The study investigates classical scholarly perspectives on the eligibility of women to act as guardians in various legal contexts such as marriage, custody, and financial matters. By analyzing relevant verses of the Qur'an and their exegesis in Tafsir Mazhari, this paper aims to clarify whether and to what extent women can assume roles of legal guardianship. The discussion also considers the broader socio-religious implications of these interpretations and highlights the nuanced views within the Islamic tradition. The paper contributes to contemporary debates on gender roles in Islamic law by offering a critical and scholarly review of a classical exegetical source.

Keywords: Wilayah, Woman as Wali, Tafsir Mazhari, Islamic Law, Gender Roles in Islam, Legal Guardianship, Female Eligibility, Marriage and Custody, Qur'anic Exegesis, Islamic Jurisprudence.

The Foundational Concept of Domestic Violence Legislation: A Critical Analysis in the Light of the Qur'an and Sunnah

2025-06-12T11:06:35+00:00

The family constitutes the fundamental unit of society, serving as the cornerstone upon which the broader social structure is built. The institution of the family is formed through the union of man and woman. Men and women are inherently endowed with distinct natural abilities; these capacities are embedded within them from birth. Due to his inherent physiological and psychological attributes, man tends to exhibit a predisposition toward dominance and authority. Historically, this inclination has often resulted in the violation of women's rights and their systematic exploitation. In pre-Islamic Arab culture, the existence of women was frequently regarded as a source of shame and dishonor. In certain religious and cultural traditions, even a woman's right to life was subject to denial for example, in some cases, a widow was required to die upon her husband's death, as observed in the practice of sati. Similarly, in many Western societies, women were long deprived of their fundamental rights and freedoms. In reaction to such injustices, various movements advocating for human rights emerged. These movements gradually expanded their focus to include women’s rights, ultimately giving rise to organized feminist movements under the banner of women’s liberation. As a result of these efforts, women attained numerous legal and social rights. However, this shift also redefined gender dynamics, positioning women as counterparts in opposition to men. The family institution intended to function as a collaborative endeavor was adversely affected by mutual confrontation and power struggles. In an attempt to maintain traditional authority, men often resorted to physical force. Consequently, despite the recognition of many rights, women continued to suffer from various forms of abuse and violence. To address this emerging reality, the concept of legal protection from domestic violence was introduced. Initially, international treaties and conventions were drafted, and subsequently, individual states were obligated to enact corresponding domestic legislation. This research paper aims to critically examine the effectiveness and ideological underpinnings of such legislation. Key questions explored include:

To what extent have these laws secured women’s legitimate rights?
What are the foundational principles underlying domestic violence legislation?
What directives do the Qur’an and Sunnah provide regarding the protection and stability of the family unit?
How should contemporary domestic violence laws be assessed in light of Islamic teachings?

Keywords: Domestic Violence, Legislation, International Conventions

Sociobiology in the Eyes of Islamic Faith

2025-06-14T06:18:26+00:00

Islam is a wide and perfect religion which has always guided and supported humanity in all spheres of life. Islam demands from every Muslim to adopt good character like that of our Holy prophet (P.B.U.H) to become a valuable human being. Islam wants to see society prosperous that is why it sheds greater emphasis on good character and has declared it as an obligation for Muslims to adopt in their lives. Society can only grow, develop and be civilized if every individual works on his responsibilities. Every citizen can get success in both worlds and make society sound. If he wears to cloak of Islamic character values. On the other hand if a man adopts evil in his personality rather than applying good deeds, he will be fallen down even lower than the status of animals and he will not be blessed by almighty Allah in the life of here after. Islam is a universal religion that teaches man to live best life in every era. If we live our lives by applying Islamic teachings then not only our society will become prosperous but we will also get success in both worlds.

Keywords: Humanity, Prosperous, Civilized, Adopts, Character, Human Being

Comparison of Election Manifestoes of PPP, PML-N and PTI

2025-06-19T11:27:46+00:00

Political parties are very important for modern political systems and their absence shows that system is weak and is governed by personalities. Manifestoes are important documents that help political parties to earn the loyalty and support of the citizens of that country. Manifestoes are considered as goals, policies and future plans with which a political party wins the support of masses by convincing the electorate. This study compared manifestos of three political parties in Pakistan including PPP, PML-N and PTI during election 2013. Qualitative approach was adopted to make a critical comparison of manifestoes through content analysis. All three political parties have given complete details of programs about terrorism, employment, energy issues etc. in their manifestoes. PML-N promised to end load shedding by generating electricity. In order to give people hope, restore national pride, and resurrect Pakistan as a successful and progressive country, all parties pledged to support an agenda for national regeneration and genuine transformation. In order to implement efficient administration, the PML-N said that it will establish the provinces of Hazara, South Punjab, and Bahawalpur. All sides pledged to boost GDP growth, lower the budget deficit, lessen the nation's reliance on foreign aid and loans, restructure state-owned businesses, and lower tax rates.

Keywords: Political parties, Pakistan, Manifestoes, PPP, PML-N, PTI

Mathematics in Muslims Daily Life: A Qualitative Study of the Intersection Between STEM, Faith, and Cognitive Harmony

2025-06-19T12:58:37+00:00

Main purpose of this study was to explore the everyday relevance of mathematics in the lives of practicing Muslims. It also examined how mathematical patterns in everyday actions and religious rituals contribute to psychological comfort and cognitive harmony. Furthermore, it highlighted the indispensable role of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) particularly mathematics, as foundational elements regularly used in everyday life leading to mental comfort. It aims to understand how faith shapes attitudes toward math and highlights its inseparability from practical and spiritual dimensions. Using a qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of eight mathematics (n=4) and social sciences Muslims teachers (n=4). Thematic analysis was used to uncover themes relating to the integration of maths in religious and daily contexts. Five key themes emerged: mathematics and faith; unconscious everyday mats use; order as mental comfort; math as divine and spiritual language; and transformation of positive math attitudes. The findings indicated that mathematics is experienced in everyday life as practical and spiritual framework to enhance well-being and cognitive clarity. Although mathematics plays a central role in daily life, its practical and deeply integrated nature is often overlooked, especially in STEM education. This study highlights this neglected dimension by investigating how mathematics is experienced as a dynamic and practical subject, closely bonded with both faith and everyday activities. This study contributes unique insights to the interdisciplinary dialogue between mathematics education, psychology, and Islamic studies. It highlights how integrating religious perspectives can enhance the acceptance of math and promote psychological resilience, offering implications for educators and faith communities alike.

Keywords: Mathematics, STEM, Faith, Qualitative Study, Psychological Comfort, Spiritual Language, Religious Practices, Everyday Math, Cognitive Harmony.

The Ruling on Rebellion against Muslim Rulers and Its Punishment: A Special Study of the Opinions of Classical Jurists مسلم حکمرانوں کے خلاف خروج کا حکم اور اس کی سزا:فقہائے کرام کی آراء کا خصوصی مطالعہ

2025-06-28T07:38:07+00:00

Islam promotes a structured and peaceful social system founded upon justice, obedience, order, and mutual responsibilities. Within this framework, the relationship between the ruler and the ruled holds vital significance. In light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, Islam has outlined certain clear principles to safeguard the stability of the state, the unity of the Muslim Ummah, and the preservation of social harmony. Among these, one of the most important principles is the obedience to "Ulu al-Amr" the rightful Muslim rulers. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized obedience to rulers in numerous hadiths, even if the ruler is sinful or unjust, as long as he does not commit clear disbelief .These teachings indicate that social order and political stability must be prioritized under all circumstances, and that discord and rebellion must be avoided. From a jurisprudential and theological perspective, the majority of Muslim scholars have declared armed rebellion against Muslim rulers as impermissible and forbidden. The four Imam Abu Hanifah, Malik, Shafi’i, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal along with the righteous predecessors, strongly condemned such rebellion, especially when it disrupts public order and results in bloodshed and civil war. According to them, it is more in line with Islamic wisdom and public interest to be patient with corrupt rulers, pray for their guidance, and pursue peaceful means of reform. This is because the damage caused by rebellion including loss of life, civil unrest, and embodiment of enemies is often far worse than the evil one seeks to remove. The painful consequences of rebellions during the Umayyad, Abbasid, and other Islamic periods have historically confirmed the soundness of this stance. As for the punishment for rebelling against a Muslim ruler, jurists have presented differing opinions. The slight flexibility present in the rulings regarding rebellion is not meant to undermine the legitimacy of the ruler but rather to allow room for peaceful reform in the face of oppression and injustice. If, however, a ruler openly renounces Islam, abandons prayer, publicly opposes the Qur’an and Sunnah, or seeks to annul the Shari’ah, then, according to the consensus of scholars, action may be taken against him provided that all precautions against civil strife are in place and the leadership of such action lies in the hands of qualified and knowledgeable individuals. Nonetheless, this is a highly sensitive and conditional matter that allows no room for emotionalism or ideological extremism. Rebellion against Muslim rulers is a serious issue which Islamic law has addressed with principles of patience, reform, sincere advice, and prioritization of the collective welfare. Justifying rebellion on the basis of political dissatisfaction or ideological disagreement constitutes a deviation from the foundational tenets of Shari’ah. For this reason, jurists have consistently discouraged rebellion in order to protect Muslim societies from turmoil and emphasized the importance of unity and societal stability. In the present age when much of the Muslim world is already beset by political and social crises this subject demands renewed scholarly inquiry and understanding. Only through a combination of sound Islamic insight and contemporary wisdom can the Ummah be guided toward stability, peace, and cohesion.

Keywords: Islam, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Qur’an, Imam Abu Hanifah, Malik, Shafi.

The Role of Khazraj in Islamic History اسلامی تاریخ میں خزرج کا کردار

2025-06-28T07:50:13+00:00

This research article explores the significant role of the Khazraj tribe in early Islamic history. As one of the two major tribes of Yathrib (later known as Madinah), the Khazraj played a pivotal part in supporting the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ during the critical phase of the Hijrah (migration) and the establishment of the first Islamic state. The study highlights their involvement in the pledges of Aqabah, their early acceptance of Islam, and their contributions in key battles such as Badr and Uhud. The article aims to present a detailed and authentic account of their political, military, and religious influence in shaping the course of Islamic civilization.

Keywords: Khazraj tribe, Islamic history, Aqabah pledge, Hijrah, Madinah, Ansar, Battle of Badr, early Islam, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, tribal support.

MILITARIZATION AND MARGINALIZATION: THE KASHMIR PREDICAMENT

2025-06-28T07:59:59+00:00

The Kashmir conflict has been one of South Asia's most enduring and destructive disputes, posing significant threats to regional security and international peace. Beyond territorial disagreements, the issue is fundamentally grounded in humanitarian concerns, political instability, and the ongoing military occupation of the region. Since 1947, the dispute has led to multiple wars and skirmishes between India and Pakistan, with temporary ceasefires brokered through international interventions. In 1948, the United Nations intervened, emphasizing the right of the Kashmiri people to self-determination. This paper examines the impact of militarization and political marginalization in Indian-administered Kashmir, particularly following the revocation of Article 370 in 2019. By reviewing human rights reports and scholarly literature, the study highlights how the region's increasing militarization has curtailed democratic rights, civil liberties, and social equity. The research also explores how the ongoing occupation has marginalized the people of Kashmir, depriving them of fundamental freedoms and exacerbating their socio-political and economic challenges.

Key Words: Kashmir Conflict, Militarization, Marginalization, Fundamental Rights, Socio-Economic, Socio-Politics, Freedom Movement.