Critical Review of the Rule of Law in Pakistan: Institutional Weaknesses, Reforms, and Democratic Stability

Abstract

The rule of law in Pakistan has remained a central yet contested pillar of democratic governance due to persistent institutional weaknesses, inconsistent policy implementation, and systemic political interference. This study provides a critical and data-driven assessment of Pakistan’s rule-of-law framework by examining the performance of judicial institutions, law-enforcement agencies, accountability bodies, and legislative oversight mechanisms. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates institutional analysis, governance indicators, and comparative assessments from international rule-of-law indices, the research explores how judicial delays, corruption, politicization of institutions, low conviction rates, and procedural inefficiencies undermine citizens’ access to justice. Trends from the World Justice Project (WJP), Transparency International, and national governance audits indicate that Pakistan consistently ranks low on constraints on government powers, criminal justice performance, and regulatory enforcement. The study also evaluates reform initiatives including judicial strengthening programs, police modernization schemes, and anti-corruption reforms and assesses their effectiveness against global best practices. Findings reveal that although reform efforts have produced incremental improvements, structural constraints such as weak separation of powers, entrenched patronage networks, and fragile democratic institutions continue to hinder meaningful progress. The study argues that sustainable rule-of-law reform requires an integrated, long-term strategy that strengthens institutional independence, ensures accountability, enhances procedural transparency, and aligns domestic reforms with international governance standards. Ultimately, reinforcing the rule of law is essential for democratic stability, economic development, and the protection of fundamental rights in Pakistan.