Islamic Concept of Brotherhood and Its Relevance for Reducing Social Polarization: A Contextual Analysis for Pakistan

Abstract

Social polarization—marked by deepening divisions along ethnic, linguistic, sectarian, political, and economic lines—poses a formidable challenge to national cohesion in Pakistan. In this context, the Islamic concept of ukhuwwah (brotherhood) offers a profound ethical and spiritual framework capable of fostering unity, mutual respect, and social harmony. Rooted in the Qur’an, Sunnah, and centuries of Islamic ethical thought, ukhuwwah transcends kinship and tribal affiliations to establish a universal bond among believers grounded in shared faith, moral responsibility, and collective welfare. This article explores the theological foundations of Islamic brotherhood, examines its historical manifestations in early Muslim society, and critically analyzes its potential to mitigate contemporary forms of social fragmentation in Pakistan. Drawing upon classical Islamic sources and contemporary scholarly interpretations, the paper argues that a conscious revival and contextual application of ukhuwwah can serve as a unifying force that strengthens national identity, promotes social justice, and counters the divisive narratives that fuel polarization. The study concludes with practical recommendations for integrating the ethos of Islamic brotherhood into educational curricula, public discourse, and community initiatives to cultivate a more cohesive and resilient Pakistani society.