The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Contemporary Fiqhi Fatwas and Ijtihadi Research: A Research-Based and Critical Study of Opportunities, Shariah Boundaries, and Selected Digital Platforms

معاصر فقہی فتاویٰ اور اجتہادی تحقیق میں مصنوعی ذہانت کا کردار: امکانات، شرعی حدود اور منتخب ڈیجیٹل پلیٹ فارمز کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی مطالعہ

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the fields of academic research, information retrieval, and decision-making. Its growing application in Islamic studies, particularly in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and contemporary fatwa issuance, has raised important questions regarding its potential, legal status, and scholarly limitations. This study examines the possible role of AI in contemporary Islamic fatwas and the process of ijtihad, with particular attention to the extent to which it can assist juristic research and the Shariah-related constraints governing its use. The primary objective is to analyse the potential benefits and risks of AI in Islamic jurisprudence and to identify a scholarly and principled framework for its careful and purposeful application. Employing an analytical and critical approach, the study introduces key AI technologies, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, and critically reviews selected AI tools and Islamic digital platforms. It also explores the relationship between classical principles of Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary technological developments. The findings indicate that AI can serve as an effective research assistant, particularly in retrieving juristic sources, comparing previous fatwas, and preparing preliminary research drafts. However, the final formulation of fatwas, the evaluation and prioritisation of competing juristic opinions, and the proper understanding of contextual factors and prevailing customs remain the responsibility of qualified scholars and mujtahids. This is primarily because AI lacks the human qualities of intention, piety, and juristic insight that are essential to authoritative Shariah-based decision-making. The study concludes that AI should be regarded as a supportive research tool rather than an independent mufti or autonomous authority in ijtihad. Its use should therefore remain subject to scholarly supervision, verification, and established principles of Islamic jurisprudence.